Diabetes Mellitus in Dogs

Definition:
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic condition where the dog’s body either doesn’t produce enough
insulin (Type 1) or becomes resistant to insulin’s effects. The most common form in dogs is
Type 1 diabetes, where the pancreas produces little or no insulin.

Causes and Risk Factors
– Genetics: Certain breeds like Poodles, Beagles, Samoyeds, and Dachshunds are more
predisposed.
– Obesity: Excess weight increases insulin resistance.
– Pancreatic disease: Damage to insulin-producing cells.
– Hormonal disorders: Cushing’s disease (hyperadrenocorticism), acromegaly.
– Age:Usually affects middle-aged to older dogs.
– Diet and lifestyle:Poor diet and lack of exercise may contribute in some cases.

Signs and Symptoms**
– Increased thirst (polydipsia)
– Increased urination (polyuria)
– Increased hunger (polyphagia)
– Weight loss despite increased appetite
– Lethargy and weakness
– Cloudy eyes (cataracts) often develop
– Recurrent urinary tract infections
– Possible vomiting or dehydration in severe cases
—
Diagnosis
– Blood tests:Elevated blood glucose levels.
– Urinalysis – Glucosuria (glucose in urine).
– Additional tests- Fructosamine levels to assess blood sugar over time; ruling out other
conditions.

Management and Treatment
– Insulin therapy: Most dogs require daily subcutaneous insulin injections.
– Weight management: Achieve and maintain a healthy weight.
– Exercise: Regular activity to improve insulin sensitivity.
– Monitoring: Regular blood glucose checks and fructosamine levels.
– Blood glucose curves: Performed to assess insulin dose and control.This can be easily done
with Libre sensors these days.Please call Groat Veterinary Centre for more information.

IMPORTANT : DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS FOR DIABETIC DOGS – A low
carbohydrate or high fiber diet is often contraindicated in dogs that have become
underweight at time of diagnosis. The diet should be palatable to ensure
consistency in day-to-day caloric intake. We cannot induce diabetic remission in
dogs with dietary manipulation.
One example of when a specific diet is indicated in diabetic dogs is if they have a
history or new diagnosis of pancreatitis and/or fasting hyperlipidemia.Under
those circumstances, an ultra-low-fat diet such as Royal Canin GI low fat, low-fat
Hill’s I/D, or low-fat Purina EN should be considered. If another medical condition
requires dietary therapy, this should take priority over a specific diet for diabetes
mellitus.
An appropriate volume of food to maintain ideal body weight per day should be
divided and given at the time of insulin administration. Some dogs can have a
large post-prandial blood glucose spike . In these situations, provided the dog is
a reliable eater, we can give the insulin 30–45 minutes BEFORE the meal to try to
buffer this spike. Snacks are ideally avoided between meals. If necessary, a
low-calorie snack, such as a few mini rice cakes or a handful of green beans,
would be fine between meals.

Prognosis
– Many dogs live normal or near-normal lives with proper management.
– Good owner compliance is crucial for stable control.
– Monitor for complications like cataracts or infections.

Important Notes
– Early diagnosis and treatment improve quality of life and prognosis.
– Avoid human medications; insulin must be prescribed by a veterinarian.

– Regular veterinary visits are essential to adjust treatment and monitor for complications.
– Please do not ignore if your beloved pet is showing any signs of Diabetes and immediately call
the Groat vet to book an appointment.