Diabetes Mellitus in Cats

Definition:
Feline diabetes is a disorder where the cat’s body cannot produce enough insulin or becomes
resistant to insulin, leading to elevated blood sugar levels (hyperglycemia). It’s most similar to
Type 2 diabetes in humans.
Causes and Risk Factors
– Obesity: Major risk factor; excess fat affects insulin sensitivity.
– Age: Middle-aged to older cats are more commonly affected.
– Breed predisposition: Some breeds like Burmese are more prone.
– Diet: High carbohydrate diets may contribute, though the role is complex.
– Inactivity: Sedentary lifestyle increases risk.
– Underlying illnesses: Pancreatitis, hyperthyroidism,Acromegaly or infections can precipitate or
worsen diabetes.
– Genetics: Some genetic predisposition exists.

Signs and Symptoms
– Increased thirst (polydipsia)
– Increased urination (polyuria)
– Increased appetite (polyphagia)
– Weight loss despite eating well
– Lethargy and weakness
– Poor coat condition
– Vomiting (less common)

Diagnosis
– Blood tests: Elevated blood glucose levels.
– Urinalysis: Presence of glucose and sometimes ketones.
– Blood fructosamine test: Reflects average blood glucose over 2-3 weeks, helpful for
monitoring.
– Additional diagnostics: Check for underlying conditions like hyperthyroidism or pancreatitis.

Management and Treatment
– Insulin injections: Usually required daily, administered subcutaneously.
– Diet:low carbohydrate, high protein diet is recommended and helps improve control.
– Consistent feeding schedule is essential.
– Weight management: Achieving and maintaining ideal body weight is crucial.
– Monitoring:
– Regular blood glucose testing at home (using glucometers).
– Periodic fructosamine testing to assess overall control.
– Address underlying issues: Such as hyperthyroidism or pancreatitis.

Prognosis
– With proper management, many cats can live comfortable, quality lives and even achieve
remission, especially if diagnosed early.
– Long-term control requires the owner commitment to medication, diet, and monitoring.
– Complications like diabetic ketoacidosis or hypoglycemia need prompt veterinary attention.
Important Notes
– Early diagnosis and consistent treatment improve outcomes.
– Never give human medications; insulin and other treatments must be prescribed by a
veterinarian.
– Regular veterinary check-ups are vital to adjust treatment and monitor for complications.